Objective: The ability to meet current liabilities is a key indicator of a firm’s financial health and plays a crucial role in preventing liquidity crises and ensuring business continuity. Therefore, selecting an appropriate capital structure and effectively managing profitability may significantly influence this ability. This study aims to examine the impact of profitability and capital structure on firms’ ability to meet current liabilities.

Method: The statistical population of this study includes 160 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2024. Sampling was carried out using a systematic exclusion approach. Multiple linear regression was used in the panel data framework to test the hypotheses. The Cochran-Orcutt method was used to remove autocorrelation, the White test was used to test for variance heterogeneity, and the Jarek-Bera test was used to check the normality of the residuals.

Findings: The results showed that profitability based on return on assets and return on equity has a positive and significant effect, and net profit margin has a negative and significant effect on the current debts solvency. Also, debt ratio and debt-to-equity ratio have a negative effect, and equity ratio has a positive and significant effect on this ability.

Conclusion: Profitability and capital structure significantly affect a company's current debts solvency, and proper management of capital structure can reduce liquidity pressure.